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Unbedingt lesen: Der in englischer Sprache veröffentlichte Jahresbericht 2011 (Wir verweisen darüber hinaus auf den Länderbericht zu Belarus unter www.amnesty.org/en/region/belarus/report-2011.

Am 7. April 2011 fand ein Treffen zwischen dem Präsidenten von Dagestan, Magomedov, und Oleg Orlov sowie Ekaterina Sokirjanskaja und Svetlana Gannushkina als Vertreter des MEMORIAL-Menschenrechtszentrums statt.
Hauptthema des Treffens, an dem u.a. auch die Bevollmächtigte für Menschenrechtsfragen Omarova und MEMORIAL-Mitarbeiter aus Dagestan teilnahmen, war der Dialog zwischen Staat und Gesellschaft in Dagestan und insbesondere die Einbeziehung von Vertretern unterschiedlicher Strömungen innerhalb des Islam, wie Salafisten und Sufisten. Ebenfalls angesprochen wurde das Vorgehen der Sicherheitskräfte bei Anti-Terror-Einsätzen, das im Rahmen von Recht und Ordnung erfolgen muss.
Als Ergebnis des Treffens vereinbarte man die Durchführung eines Runden Tisches am 18. und 19. Mai 2011, der sich mit Fragen der Zivilgesellschaft in Dagestan und einem Ausweg aus der jetzigen Krise befassen soll.

Demokratie und freie Wahlen, Wahlen in Russland: Realität oder Imitat, Wahrung des Status Quo oder Wandel zum Besseren? – Dies sind die Themen des 2. Seminars, das MEMORIAL International am 7. April 2011 im Rahmen des Projekts „Demokratie in Russland“ veranstaltet.
Die interdisziplinären Seminare zu Fragen der Demokratisierung, der bürgerlichen Solidarität und Überwindung der totalitären Vergangenheit Russlands sollen Anstoß zu einer Diskussion zwischen Wissenschaftlern, Bürgerrechtsaktivisten, Experten, Journalisten und einem interessierten Publikum sein, um in diesem Kreis die soziologisch begründete Auseinandersetzung mit den sozialen und politischen Fragen im heutigen Russland zu fördern.
Das erste dieser Seminare, an dem in- und ausländische Experten teilnehmen, veranstaltete MEMORIAL International am 1. März 2011 zum Thema „Perspektiven der Bürgergesellschaft und Probleme bürgerlicher Solidarität in Russland“.

Auf den nach wie vor nicht genehmigten Demonstrationen zur Durchsetzung der Versammlungsfreiheit gemäß Art. 31. der russischen Verfassung kam es erneut zu Festnahmen in Moskau und St. Petersburg. Trotz des großen Aufgebots an Sicherheitskräften hatten sich auf dem Moskauer Puschkin-Platz etwa 800 Personen versammelt. Nach Auskunft der Polizei wurden in Moskau etwa 50 Personen festgenommen, in St. Petersburg u.a. auch Boris Nemzov.

In ihrer Erklärung vom 24. März 2011 kritisiert die Internationale Gesellschaft MEMORIAL die Äußerungen Putins, der anlässlich seines Besuchs in Slovenien am 22. und 23. März die Zahl der Opfer beklagte, die der Bürgerkrieg in Libyen und, mehr noch, die jüngsten Raketen- und Bombenangriffe auf das Land forderten, und erinnerte die Beteiligten an ihre Gewissenspflicht.
MEMORIAL International erinnert den Premierminister aus diesem Anlass an die Bombardierung von Zivilisten in Tschetschenien in den Jahren 1999/2000: So kamen bei dem Raketenbeschuss auf Grosny am 21.10.1999 mehr als 100 Menschen ums Leben, der Angriff auf eine Flüchtlingskolonne am 29.10.1999 forderte 16 Menschenleben und der Beschuss des Dorfs Katyr-Jurt vom 4. bis 7.02.2000 kostete mehr als 100 Personen das Leben.
Diese wenigen Beispiele schon sollten auch für Putin, damals ebenfalls Premierminister, eine Erinnerung an die Pflichten des Gewissens sein.

Namhafte Vertreter des russischen Kulturlebens, wie Boris Strugatzkij, Boris Akunin, Oleg Basilashvilij und viele andere, haben sich an das russische Büro von Amnesty International mit der Bitte gewandt, Michail Chodorkovskij und Platon Lebedev als Gewissensgefangene anzuerkennen.
Als Gewissensgefangene gelten Personen, die durch äußere Umstände wie Haft o.ä. gehindert werden, das Recht auf freie Meinungsäußerung auszuüben und die Anwendung von Gewalt weder billigen noch dazu aufrufen.

Throughout 2006 the situation of human rights defenders in Russia has continued to deteriorate, the freedom of association has become even more restricted, and attacks of the Russian government on independent non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have intensified. Among numerous manifestations of growing government pressure on human rights defenders and independent NGOs in 2006 there are the following: coming into force of the new restrictive NGO legislation in April this year; extremely problematic process of mandatory re-registration of foreign NGOs in September-October; increasing use of anti-extremist and counter-terrorist legislation against NGOs and activists; shutting down of Russian-Chechen Friendship Society in October – a first group falling victim of repressive provisions of the new NGO law combined with anti-extremist law; attempts to close several leading nation-wide human rights organizations on charges of alleged tax evasion and poor reporting; increasing monopolisation of public life by the government by limiting interaction between the state bodies and civil society institutions to artificially created top-down structures such as the Public Chamber and its analogues at the regional level; new phenomenon of wide-scale detainment and harassment of NGO activists traveling to conferences; growing use of unlawful restriction of the right for peaceful assembly by illegitimately forbidding activists to organize demonstrations and beating, detaining and levying administrative penalties on participants of the demonstrations; continued government inaction in response to death threats and violence against human rights defenders from neo-Nazi groups, and, finally, continued hostile rhetoric by government officials against independent NGOs and human rights defenders accusing them in working against national interests, undermining political stability, engaging in espionage and being paid by hostile foreign governments and domestic political opposition. It is continued hostility of the government against independent activists that made possible the horrendous murder of internationally renowned investigative journalist and human rights defender Anna Politkovskaya on October 7 this year. Pressure on independent civil society organizations in Russia has taken truly a systemic form in 2006, with the government putting the issue of the work of NGOs firmly in the context of security concerns and an alleged threat they pose to political stability and the state itself.

“Orange Paranoia”: Russia Leading a New Global Assault on Independent Civil Society

While many governments across the globe after 9/11 have widely used security and counter-terrorism concerns to justify crackdown on human rights defenders, a new global phenomenon has emerged in the last two years when authoritarian states and “hybrid democracies” with imitational democratic institutions started to vigorously oppose international human rights cooperation and democracy promotion, in essence organizing a global backlash against independent civil society, using the argument of the alleged use by foreign governments of NGOs to interfere in political life and destabilize and undermine ruling regimes.

Today, more than 20 regimes across the world impose tough control over civil society under the pretexts of ensuring security, political stability and non-interference in the country’s “internal affairs.” These regimes include openly authoritarian governments and semi-authoritarian states, or “hybrid democracies,” where democratic transition has been stalled and democratic institutions are dysfunctional and often imitational, creating only a mere façade of democracy. These governments are placing unlawful restrictions on NGO activities, constrain and silence their work, harass and intimidate civil society activists. Particularly targeted are those NGOs that advocate for human rights and democracy and work in conflict zones. They are the ones that draw the most fire from those governments who view them as a threat to their power and are growing increasingly intolerant to independent thought and speech.

Authoritarian governments feel threatened by work of NGOs and are developing tools to suppress and silence these organizations. They create restrictive laws and regulations. They impose burdensome registration and tax requirements. Charges are vague, such as “disturbing social order” and “undermining security”, and implementation and enforcement are arbitrary, fostering a climate of self-censorship and fear. Russia is not the only country where NGOs face serious legal challenges. In Belarus, China, Venezuela, Zimbabwe, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Burma, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, Egypt, Algeria and other countries on different continents new restrictive NGO legislation has been adopted or is in the making.

When states find that their efforts to pass or apply restrictive laws and regulations against NGOs are not enough, they resort to extralegal forms of intimidation or persecution, including imprisonment, torture, threat to lives, enforced disappearances, and even murder. Often these regimes justify their actions by accusations of treason, espionage, subversion, foreign interference or terrorism. These are rationalizations; the real motivation is political. This is not about defending their citizens from harm; this is about protecting positions of power.

A decisive role in the growing suspicion of Russian government officials towards foreign funding of NGOs has been played by what many experts call the “orange paranoia.” After the so-called “color revolutions” in neighboring countries, many politicians and state officials in Russia came to believe that these events were fully instigated and directed from abroad through foreign support for NGOs within these countries. The role of members of the general public outraged by manipulations at the elections is disregarded.

This assessment has resulted in seeing by the state officials of those Russian NGOs who receive foreign funding as potentially dangerous and threatening political stability. In 2005-2006 we have seen dozens of statements to this effect by government officials and numerous articles in the media, many of which can be categorized as smear and defamation campaigns. Russian authorities have made repeated accusations against NGOs and allegations that independent civil society groups in Russia are financed by the country`s enemies – foreign intelligence services, oligarchs, terrorists, criminal gangs, etc. An ugly example of an anti-NGO smear campaign in mass media was the infamous British “spy rock scandal” in January this year when the Federal Security Service (FSB) made allegations that more than a dozen leading Russian NGOs, including Moscow Helsinki Group, Center for the Development of Democracy and Human Rights, Committee against Torture and others were funded by British intelligence officers acting under the cover of diplomatic service in the UK embassy in Moscow. For two weeks in the row after the broadcasting of a TV program with this story in the prime time, the allegations were repeated in the government controlled electronic and print media as well as by the top government officials several times a day, engraving a strong connection in the public opinion between human rights NGOs and foreign spies. In the end no foreign diplomats were sent away, no investigations and formal proceedings against NGOs were conducted, no legal motions were made. The spy scandal dissolved. However, the operation was successful: damage reputation was done; the work of human rights NGOs was firmly put in the context of state security and their acting against their own country for foreign money. Not surprisingly, this Soviet-style “operation” took place just a few days after signing of the restrictive NGO law by President Putin, clearly aimed at justifying its adoption.

The fact that in a globalized world NGOs work across and beyond borders in their international projects and that the practice of provision of funding by donors from other countries has become a recognized norm of life in civil society is not taken into account by Russian government officials and is obscured by plot theories, isolationist tendencies, and irrational fear of hostile foreign interests allegedly using Russian NGOs to undermine the regime and interfere in domestic politics.

Adoption of Restrictive NGO Legislation

Unfounded fears of the Russian government about foreign manipulation of NGOs and its hostility against independent groups lead to the introduction to the State Duma and swift adoption at the end of 2005 of fundamental amendments to the NGO legislation, often referred to as “the new NGO law.” NGOs and numerous domestic and international experts believe it is a politically motivated and poorly written law which is difficult to implement. Driven by suspicion towards foreign funding and international cooperation of Russian NGOs and by the premise of their impermissible “political activity,” the law imposes strict control over international funding and partnerships of Russian civil society groups.

It requires Russian organizations to report in detail on their use of foreign funds while authorities can prohibit foreign NGOs from providing funds to specific Russian partners or order stopping any of their programs if they “threaten constitutional order, territorial integrity, public health and morals and rights of third parties.” Registration Service officials can do it by their own decision rather than file a case to a court. Registration Service, in addition to reviewing annual reports by NGOs, can conduct full-fledged inspections of NGOs, request and evaluate their administrative, programmatic and financial documentation, attend their meetings without warning, and on the grounds of their observation decide whether an organization operates in compliance with the goals stated in its charter, and initiate liquidation if they believe this is not the case. Such sweeping powers of the state control bodies to interpret compliance of the organization’s work with its own goals clearly constitute interference in private civic initiatives and the work of independent organizations.

Foreign NGOs are singled out for even more extensive reporting requirements, including submission of papers describing their planned activities and expenses and quarterly financial reports, subject to comparison and review by authorities. Authorities may deny or revoke registration of a foreign organization whose activity, goals and objectives are found to “...create a threat to the sovereignty, political independence, territorial integrity, national unity, unique character, cultural heritage and national interests of the Russian Federation.”

In addition, the law imposes unconstitutional restrictions on who may be a founder and a participant of an NGO, including foreigners not legally present in Russia, people serving a prison term or persons previously convicted on “extremist” charges. Concern about unconstitutionality of these provisions as well as about overall excessively restrictive character of the law that negatively affects all civil society institutions has been expressed not only by NGOs but by the Council of Europe, Russian Ombudsman Vladimir Lukin and the chair of the presidential Council on Civil Society and Human Rights Ella Pamfilova.

Above-mentioned and several other provisions of the law are not based on legal notions and do not contain clear and unambiguous definitions. This constitutes the most problematic aspect of the legislation. Excessively vague wording grants public officials broad powers to interpret and apply provisions of the law at their discretion. There are well-grounded fears that because government deems NGOs “good” or “bad” (loyal and independent) and views some NGOs as suspicious, the law will be implemented accordingly, on a selective basis. Although all NGOs will suffer from increased administrative burden by having to fill in numerous reporting forms, including description of every event and activity they have organized throughout the year, it is the chilling effect of potential selective application of the law that is most problematic and leads to self-censorship and stopping of activities of many groups. There are reports coming from the provinces that smaller organizations are seriously considering to stop working because of their expected inability to cope with increased administrative burden or of fear of being singled out for special treatment.

The law has the potential to cripple the vital work of many NGOs, including foreign NGOs who support local groups, and could retard Russia’s democratic development. The Russian foreign ministry has claimed on its web site that the new NGO law is similar to that of Western countries. However, according to an expertise of a leading expert organization in this field, the International Center for the Not-for-Profit Law, the Russian law is “substantially different from the laws of the selected countries” and is “more restrictive”, both in terms of the specific provisions of the Russian law and in its cumulative effect.

Reasons for possible selective application of the law not on the basis of legal requirements but on political interpretation of its provisions or, more precisely, of its spirit, are quite strong. In November last year, when spelling out the key goal of the legislation, President Putin said it was to block foreign-funded Russian NGOs from “carrying out what amounts to political activity... Whether these organizations want it or not, they become an instrument in the hands of foreign states that use them to achieve their own political objectives.” During the “Civic G8” international NGO conference this July President reiterated that his only concern was about possible use of foreign funds for political activity of NGOs that may interfere in political life of the country and undermine political stability. The key problem is that while the law does not contain any definition of impermissible “political activity” every implementing official has to guess and figure out on his or her own what exactly the President means. Negative rhetoric by the state officials, often bordering with hostility towards foreign-funded public interest groups will very likely influence this process.

The President stated at the same conference in July that if he is provided with sufficient evidence that the law impedes development of civil society, he will personally introduce amendments to the State Duma. Russian NGO experts believe that among the most immediate tasks are development and discussion with the government of amendments eliminating unconstitutional restrictions on founding and participation in NGOs, changing the vague wording of several other key restrictive provisions, and eliminating burdensome reporting of NGOs and excessive powers of the state bodies to what amounts to intervention in the work of NGOs. Parallel to that there is an urgent need for analysis and public discussion, including one with the government, of the notion of “political activity.” It is crucially important to clarify this key issue and confirm full legitimacy of the NGO work in the fields of human rights, freedom of speech, anti-corruption, environment, democracy promotion, etc., and their funding from any legal sources at home and from abroad while confirming and strengthening an already existing ban in Russia on foreign funding for election campaigns and activity aimed at taking over political power.

The first test of the implementation of the new legislation has been quite negative. The law required mandatory re-registration of all foreign and international NGOs present in Russia by October 18 this year. Just two weeks before the expiration of the deadline, only 50 organizations out of estimated 500 foreign groups were registered. This was a result of extremely restrictive and excessive application of requirements by the Registration Service. Foreign NGOs were told to provide information that is not required by the law, including translation into Russian of their national laws pertaining NGOs which many countries do not have as separate laws; personal data such as home addresses and telephones of their founders and Board members, leading to absurd situations when founders were long time dead; internal documents of the organizations and decisions of their Boards that do not exist; etc. Many groups had to spend several thousand Euro on translation, certification by notary public and apostil, resubmit their applications several times. Registration Service had only three hours a week for consultations and never provided written explanation of why they turned down applications. As a result of international outcry and anticipating a huge looming scandal, the Registration Service changed its approach in the last two weeks, increased the number of office hours and somewhat liberalized its requirements. It also announced that groups that would fail to get re-registered by October 18 will not have to close down, pack their suitcases, and leave country but rather suspend all their programmatic activity as they await the decision on re-registration. As a result some 100 groups were registered before the deadline while several dozens more were still awaiting the decision or re-submitting their applications. A number of leading human rights groups had to suspend all their work in Russia, including Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, Medicines Sans Frontiers, Legal Initiative for Russia, and Penal Reform International. In the last three weeks already after the deadline several more groups have been registered now totaling more than 140 while several dozen are still awaiting their fate. Registration Service blamed the problem on NGOs claiming they were irresponsible, “undisciplined” and not up to the rigorous Russian standards. This highly bureaucratic process not only undermined the work of many leading organizations and threatened their legitimacy in Russia but clearly manifested hostile and suspicious attitude of Russian authorities towards international civil society organizations, demonstrated the new “balance of power” and flagged the intrusive way the law will be implemented.

Increasing Use of Anti-Extremism and Counter-Terrorism Legislation against NGOs

In this climate of hostility Russian law enforcement authorities increasingly use anti-extremism and counter-terrorism legislation against NGOs. Anti-extremist legislation was originally adopted in 2002 and since then has been continuously amended with new provisions adopted every year expanding the definition of “extremist” activity. Encompassing a very broad range of deliberately vaguely defined public actions and statements, including such indefinite concept as “other actions aimed at undermining the state security,” this definition is a subject to major concern by human rights defenders. The first instance of the use of anti-extremist legislation against NGOs took place in 2004-05 when director of Andrey Sakharov Museum and Public Center Yuri Samodurov was convicted for alleged extremist incitement to religious hatred by organizing a controversial modern art exhibition on religious freedom issues. The key problem here is that the new NGO law of 2006 forbids persons convicted with extremist crimes to be founders, members or participants in NGOs while the anti-extremism law requires the organization to condemn its member and dissociate itself from his or her activity after the court verdict comes into force.

These provisions of the law laid ground to the first historical decision of a court in Nizhniy Novgorod to liquidate Russian-Chechen Friendship Society in October this year. It became the first Russian NGO victim of the new NGO law. The group has been a subject of judicial, administrative, financial, and verbal harassment during the last two years for its unrelenting and uncompromising coverage of continued human rights violations in the North Caucasus. Attack has been waged on numerous fronts – through the Ministry of Justice, tax inspection, prosecutors office, defamation against and death threats to its leaders, etc., culminating in criminal conviction on extremist charges of its director Stanislav Dmitrievsky in February 2006 for alleged incitement to ethnic hatred by placing anti-war appeals of rebel Chechen leaders in a newspaper published by the organization. The court verdict was based on a highly biased linguistic expertise and completely disregarded testimonies of other experts and numerous witnesses of the defense, including Sergey Kovalev and Anna Politkovskaya. It is exactly because the organization did not “condemn” Dmitrievsky for his “extremist” actions and did not disassociate itself from him after he was convicted, the Society was announced liquidated in October.

A leading Russian human rights organization, International Memorial Society, received official warning on February 26 this year from Moscow city prosecutor for incriminated violation of the anti-extremist law by allegedly using Internet for extremist activity by publishing on its web site an expert assessment by an Islamic scholar of materials of Islamic movement Hizb-ut-Tahrir which had been forbidden by the Russian government as an extremist organization. The scholar claimed that the materials of the movement did not contain extremist content and questioned the Supreme Court’s judgment. Memorial was warned that it would be liquidated if it did not eliminate this expertise from its web site in three days. The organization complied with the requirement to avoid closure.

Increasing number of NGOs and activists in the North Caucasus are charged with extremism or with alleged participation in terrorist activities, assisting terrorist groups, preparation of terrorist acts, and illegal possession of weapons.

A case against an NGO “Chechen Committee of National Salvation” based in Nazran (Ingushetia) was opened in 2004 and is still being investigated. The NGO is accused in publishing “extremist” materials allegedly “inciting to ethnic hatred, discrediting law enforcement agencies and justifying activities of illegal armed formations on the territory of Chechen Republic.”

Another example is persecution of Osman Boliev, director of “Romashka” NGO in Khasavyurt (Dagestan) who pressed charges against local law enforcement bodies for enforced disappearances and a murder of a six-year old girl by the police, including by submitting complaints to the European Court of Human Rights. An attack against him intensified when the Court in Strasbourg admitted the complaint with high priority, and Boliev was accused in illegally possessing a grenade. When the investigation made allegations this spring that he had been involved in assisting the hostage taking in the Nord-Ost theatre in 2004, Boliev had to flee for his life and applied for an asylum in Sweden which he was successfully granted this summer.

On October 13, the state-controlled television network NTV showed a documentary entitled “Humanitarian Issue” which made damaging accusations in assisting terrorists against human rights and humanitarian organizations working in the North Caucasus, including “Save the Generation” NGO. The organizations portrayed that way in a program are now in danger. Moreover, the program effectively defamed and put in danger Timur Aliev, an editor of the “Chechen Society” weekly newspaper who was described as linked with the recently killed terrorist leader Shamil Basayev responsible for the Beslan school hostage-taking and many others terrible terrorist acts. This program, which was not announced in the TV guide, was shown on Friday night, prime time, to a 120-million Russian audience and is not only enormously detrimental to the image of international humanitarian organizations, local NGOs and independent media but also raises concerns for the security of several individuals, including Timur Aliev and “Save the Generation” activists.

Use of Taxation Laws and Reporting Requirements to Undermine the Work of NGOs

Repressive tax laws make virtually every NGO in Russia a potential tax offender. Many leading civil society groups in Russia have recently been targeted for lengthy, biased tax inspections, resulting in very high penalties threatening bankruptcy. As a rule, such inspections are triggered by an organization’s criticism of government`s actions and are aimed at paralyzing an organization’s work and threatening it with closure. Absurd tax violation charges often include claims of profit tax on charitable grants, personal income tax and social tax on compensation for expenses of volunteers, compensation for travel expenses of participants of conferences, and awards to winners of high school student essay competition. Similarly, legal requirements on NGO reporting to the Ministry of Justice and the Registration Service are excessively and aggressively used against leading human rights groups.

The year 2006 has witnessed an intensified attack on tax and reporting grounds against a number of internationally renowned NGOs. Most recent targets of harassment by tax and controlling authorities in 2006 include “Memorial” Society, Russian-Chechen Friendship Society, “Open Russia” Foundation, Union of Soldiers’ Mothers Committees, Russian Research Center for Human Rights, Russian Pen Centre, Forum of Migrant Organizations, Center for International Protection, etc. The latter is a leading Russian NGO in submitting complaints to the European Court of Human Rights; it was charged with more than 135 thousand Euros in allegedly unpaid taxes on grants.

Most recently, in October, a liquidation of an NGO “International Standard” in Ufa (Bashkortostan) was initiated by the Registration Service for alleged minor mistakes in documentation without even issuing a required initial warning. The organization had apparently irritated authorities by investigating cases of violent abuse by the police and initiating legal proceedings against the perpetrators.

Increasingly hostile rhetoric by public authorities creates a climate of suspicion against NGOs in society, marginalizes them, and effectively encourages arbitrary actions of the law enforcement and tax authorities against civil society groups.

Government Inaction in Response to Death Threats against Activists and Attacks by the Neo-Nazi Groups. Impunity of the Perpetrators.

Encouraged by the government’s anti-NGO attitudes, law enforcement authorities fail to respond to increasing number of death threats and attacks by neo-Nazi and other radical nationalist groups against NGO activists and offices, creating a climate of impunity conducive of repeated attacks, death threats, and murders of human rights defenders.

Death threats increasingly used by neo-Nazi groups and other NGOs haters against human rights defenders remain ignored and uninvestigated by authorities. They include death threats against Oksana Chelysheva and Stanislav Dmitievsky of Russian-Chechen Friendship Society in Nizhny Novgorod and Dmitry Krayukhin of United Europe Institute in Oryol. Office of St. Petersburg “Memorial” Society was broken in and vandalized several times and its director Vladimir Shnitke physically assaulted by unknown persons shouting this was done in revenge for conviction of colonel Yuri Budanov who had been sentenced for kidnapping and killing a young Chechen woman. Head of St. Petersburg-based North-Western Center for the Rights of the Roma Stephania Koulaeva received repeated telephone threats from racists. Names and home addresses of Svetlana Gannushkina of “Civic Assistance” Committee and Memorial Human Rights Center and numerous other activists were published in various lists of “enemies of Russian people” on neo-Nazi web sites with direct calls for their violent “extermination.” No reaction by public officials followed. In October this year the FSB refused to open an investigation into the publication of death threats and private addresses and telephones in one of this death lists in the Internet arguing that there was no real threat, that “reputation of the people on the list and attitude towards them in the society was controversial” and the site was not really popular among radical groups anyway. The name of assassinated independent journalist and human rights defender Anna Politkovskaya had been also placed on neo-Nazi death lists for long while before her murder in October this year. A murder of a human rights activists and a leading expert in studying racial extremism Nickolay Girenko in St Petersburg in 2005 still remains unsolved. It is the impunity of the perpetrators and the government inaction to investigate and protect that makes violence against independent activists possible.

Boris Kreyndel, director of Tomsk Regional Public Human Rights Commission who has been active in advocating for minority rights, including protection of the Roma in Siberia, received death threats against his 16-year old daughter in a form of leaflets posted in his neighborhood with her name and address. The leaflets appeared after a defaming article was published in a national daily Izvestiya claiming Boris Kreyndel was protecting drug dealers. Kreyndel and his family were closely followed by unidentified people. Having failed to find protection from the law enforcement bodies despite of appeals by NGOs and the Russian Ombudsman Vladimir Lukin, Kreyndel and his family had to find refuge in the USA where they were granted asylum.

Lidya Yussupova, a defense attorney from Grozny (Chechnya) who headed the local office of the “Memorial” between 2000 and 2005 and remains a committed activist of that organization, was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in 2006. Her name was put on the list of the top ten candidates a few days before the Nobel Prize Committee was to announce the winner. In this context, Lidya, who had already won the very prestigious Martin Ennals Human Rights Award for her very courageous work in extreme danger, was interviewed by numerous Russian and foreign media outlets and spoke a lot of the continuing human rights crisis in Chechnya. On October 12, the day before the announcement of a name of the actual recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize for 2006, Lidya Yussupova received a threatening phone call from a stranger on her mobile phone. The man said in Chechen: “You’re a lawyer? And you’ve been dreaming of that prize? Do you think with this prize you’ll be able to do all these things in Chechnya like you’re doing now? You’ll have to live long enough to see that prize!” He also used obscene language. Lidya Yussupova herself was not gravely concerned over that incident. However, her colleagues are very worried for her safety, particularly as the threats were made just a few days after the murder of Anna Politkovskaya.

Harassment of Participants of NGO Conferences and NGO Demonstrations

A new phenomenon of wide-scale detainment and harassment of human rights defenders and NGO activists traveling to conferences that irritate the government emerged in 2006. Two incidents were particularly striking, and both happened in July in the context of the G8 summit in Russia. NGOs organized a number of parallel activities aimed at drawing attention of the international community to democracy backslide and growing human rights violations in Russia. Some of them were deemed by the government as particularly dangerous, namely “Another Russia” conference of NGOs and opposition political parties in Moscow, and the Second Social Forum of left-wing and alter-globalist groups in St Petersburg. In a clearly coordinated effort of the FSB and the police hundreds of activists across the country were visited in their homes and offices or called by the law enforcement representatives and were told not to go the conferences or they would regret it. A total number of more than two hundred activists from across Russia were detained, beaten, harassed, their documents and tickets unlawfully confiscated. They were charged with various violations ranging from minor offence of allegedly insulting the police or urinating in public to serious crimes of possessing weapons and explosives. All this was aimed at preventing their participation in these events during the G8 summit. Prosecutor General’s office acknowledged the unlawful character of these actions later in October.

Similarly, growing use of unlawful restriction of the right for peaceful assembly has been increasingly taking place in 2006 by public officials illegitimately forbidding NGO activists to organize demonstrations and pickets and by beating, detaining and levying administrative penalties on participants of demonstrations.

The most notorious recent cases include unlawful forbidding of a memorial picket on the anniversary of the Beslan tragedy in September 2006 in Moscow leading to detainment and cruel treatment of several activists who came to Lubianka square with flowers and candles. Lev Ponomarev, director of All-Russia Movement for Human Rights and organizer of the picket, was kept in custody for three days.

On October 16, 2006, in Narzan (Ingushetia) local human rights defenders planned a picket to commemorate Anna Politkovksaya, a journalist of “Novaya Gazeta”, assassinated in Moscow on October 7. By the time when the picket was supposed to start, the area was encircled by the police and young men in civilian clothing who stopped people on their way to the picket site and ordered them to leave in a very insulting manner. Those who tried to inquire about the reason were physically abused.

When a key organizer of the picket Magomed Mutsolgov from an Ingush NGO “Mashr” arrived to the square with his colleagues, a crowd of people in civilian clothing immediately surrounded them. The crowd was joined by policemen in uniform, who were standing in cordon. Together they pushed the newly arriving, insulted them, screamed obscenities and used physical force – hit on the head, back and other parts of body, grabbed documents from the hands of Mutsolgov, threw them to the ground and trampled over them. Mutsolgov tried to make a phone call, but the policemen trying to take away his phone, twisted his arms, forced him into a police car and took him to Nazran city police station.

Then, several representatives of “Memorial” Human Rights Center – Shamsudin Tangiev, Ekaterina Sokirianskaia, Zarema Mukusheva, Zoja Muradova, Fatima Yandieva, and Albert Khantygov – arrived, carrying portraits of Anna Politkovskaya and flowers. The men in civilian clothing and the policemen, including senior officers, started screamed obscenities at them, snatching pictures and bouquets from their hands and throwing them into the mud. Shamsudin Tangiev said to the police colonel swearing in presence of females, in particular, is not appropriate for policemen. At that point he was pressed to a nearby car and physically attacked. At the same time, a young man in a dark baseball cap with white strip and longish hair hit Ekaterina Sokirianskaia in the face. Later that day, in the hospital she was diagnosed with an open fracture of her nose and a brain concussion.

Albert Khantygov, Fatima Yandieva, Zarema Mukusheva and Zoja Muradova were detained and brought to the Nazran police station. The three women were detained when they already left the place of the picket. Several armed men forced them into a car under threat of violence. When they asked the attackers to identify themselves and explain the situation, one of them said responded “Consider yourself abducted”. The women-activists were taken to the Nazran police station, where Magomed Mutsolgov and Albert Khantygov were also held.

The women were held in custody for approximately eight hours. It is only after several media reportages and inquiries from the Federal Ombudsman’s office that a judge was brought to the police station to make a decision on the fate of the detainees. With no lawyer present, the judge ruled that the three female staff members of the “Memorial” were guilty of administrative misdemeanor and fined them by 500 rubles each. The two male activists, Albert Khantygov and Magomed Mutsogov refused from the very start to speak in the absence of their lawyer. At midnight (after 8 hours of detention) their defense attorney was finally admitted to the police station. The judge postponed the hearing on their case for the next day, then for the day after.

Finally, the hearing was held on October 31, 2006. The judge insisted that the three female activists also participate. As a result of the hearing, the Court actually ruled to close the case in connection with alleged breach of administrative law by all the four staff-members of the “Memorial”, namely Albert Khantygov, Fatima Yandieva, Zarema Mukusheva and Zoja Muradova, “due to the absence of any breach of law in their actions”. Magomed Mutsolgov from “Mashr”, on the other hand, was found guilty in violation of rules for organizing rallies and fined by 1000 roubles.

It is particularly important to stress that although the policemen present at the picket site were obviously collaborating with the men in civilian clothing and never stopped them from insulting and physically abusing the activists, the press-secretary of the Ingushetia Interior Ministry stated that all the actions of the policemen involved were aimed at maintaining public order and breaking the fight between the activists and the men in civilian clothing. The leadership of the “Memorial” received the same unsatisfactory answer from the Administration of the President of Ingushetia. It should be also stressed that while Magamed Mutsolgov from “Mashr” is attempting to appeal the judicial decision on his case and protest against his illegal detention, the Ingushetia Interior Ministry officials are questioning the registration documents of his organization which works to support relatives of those residents of the republic who were abducted and “disappeared” in the course of the “anti-terrorist operation”.

Most recently, on November 4, Alexander Bragin of the local branch of the Russian Anti-Fascist Front and an activist of Yabloko Party and the United Civic Front in Ulyanovsk, was detained along with his two colleagues for an attempt to lawfully organize a demonstration “For Russia without Fascism” and charged with “extremist activity”. Earlier in July Alexander was told by the FSB not to participate in “Another Russia” conference in Moscow and was looked for by the police at the conference site when he nevertheless arrived at the conference.

* * *

Persecution of NGOs and Human Rights Defenders in Russia
© Center for the Development of Democracy and Human Rights, 2006
Written by Yuri Dzhibladze and Darya Tsybulskaya

A study that served as a basis for this report was conducted by the authors in spring and summer of 2006 in the framework of the project ”Persecution of Human Rights Defenders: Study of the Problem” coordinated by the Interregional Group “Human Rights Network”, Russia.

Authors of the report used in preparation of the report their own information as well as materials of “Demos” Center, Human Rights First, Amnesty International, Observatory
for the Protection of Human Rights Defenders, International Center for the Not-for-Profit
Law and other colleagues and would like to cordially thank them for their support.

Center for the Development of Democracy and Human Rights is a Russian non-governmental public policy and advocacy organization. The Center`s mission is to support development of democratic institutions and sustainable mechanisms of human rights protection in Russia by addressing public policy issues and facilitating civic participation in policy decisions.
Center for the Development of Democracy and Human Rights
ul.Volkhonka, 14, 4th fl., Moscow, 119992 Russia
tel+fax: +7 (495) 203-9196, center@demokratia.ru, www.demokratia.ru

Wir, Vertreter russischer Nichtregierungsorganisationen, drücken unsere äußerste Besorgnis im Zusammenhang mit der Behandlung des Gesetzentwurfs "Über einige Änderungen an Gesetzesakten der Russischen Föderation" in der Staatsduma aus, dessen Ziel die Verschärfung der Kontrolle über die Institute der Zivilgesellschaft ist. Die vorgeschlagenen Gesetzesänderungen widersprechen völlig den Erklärungen der russischen Staatsführung, in denen sie die Entwicklung der Zivilgesellschaft unterstützt. Anstelle der von den Autoren des Gesetzesentwurfs deklarierten "Stabilisierung" und "Gleichberechtigung" wird die Annahme solcher Änderungen zur Lähmung des gesellschaftlichen Lebens, zur Destabilisierung und zur Rechtswillkür führen.

Die Annahme des von einer Abgeordnetengruppe der Fraktionen Einiges Russland, Rodina, KPRF und LDPR vorgeschlagenen Gesetzes führt zur Einstellung der Tätigkeit einer großen Zahl von Organisationen und fügt den Interessen unseres Landes erheblichen Schaden zu. Wir sind davon überzeugt, dass Gesellschaft und Staat bisher noch nicht vollständig bewusst ist, in welchem Maße die russischen Nichtregierungsorganisationen einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur Wirtschaft und zur sozialen Entwicklung des Landes leisten und dabei Funktionen übernehmen, die weder der Staat noch die Marktinstitute ausfüllen.

Nach übereinstimmender Einschätzung von Experten diskriminiert das Gesetz Nichtregierungsorganisationen und schränkt das Verfassungsrecht der Bürger auf Vereinigung erheblich und unbegründet ein. Es verschlechtert die Rechtsstellung von gesellschaftlichen Vereinigungen und Nichtregierungsorganisationen und begrenzt die Freiheit ihrer Tätigkeit. Damit werden sie kommerziellen, staatlichen und kommunalen Organisationen gegenüber benachteiligt.

Ebenso wird das Verfassungsrecht der Bürger auf nichtformale, nichtregistrierte Vereinigung, also ohne den Status einer juristischen Person anzustreben, eingeschränkt. Künftig sollen solche Vereinigungen sie die staatlichen Registrierungsbehörden über ihre Existenz informieren müssen. Dabei soll die Form dieser Benachrichtigung nicht durch das Gesetz, sondern durch die Regierung der Russischen Föderation bestimmt werden. Außerdem beinhaltet der Gesetzentwurf eine sehr schwammige Aufzählung zusätzlicher Gründe, aus denen Organisationen die Registrierung verweigert werden kann.

Der Gesetzentwurf beinhaltet die ungerechtfertigte Verschärfung der Kontrolle über die Tätigkeit aller russischen Nichtregierungsorganisationen, unabhängig davon, womit sie sich beschäftigen. Es ist geplant, dass die staatlichen Registrierungsorgane mit zusätzlichen Kontrollvollmachten versehen werden. Künftig sollen sie die Tätigkeit nichtkommerzieller Organisationen inhaltlich und finanziell kontrollieren, zu jeder Zeit und ohne irgendeine Begründung Finanz- und andere Dokumente anfordern können. Damit verlieren gesellschaftliche Vereinigungen nicht nur endgültig den Status der Selbstverwaltung, sondern damit wird auch der Boden für Beamtenwillkür und selektive Rechtsanwendung bereitet.

Besonders streng wird die Tätigkeit ausländischer nichtkommerzieller Organisationen in Russland eingeschränkt. Vorgesehen ist es, die Tätigkeit von Vertretungen und Filialen ausländischer und internationaler nichtkommerzieller Organisationen zu verbieten. Sie sollen sch künftig nur noch in der Form einer gesellschaftlichen Vereinigung, also als russische juristische Personen vertreten lassen können. Das ist aus rechtlichen Gründen für den größten Teil ausländischer Organisationen nicht möglich. Dadurch wird die Tätigkeit vieler ausländischer NGO, die in ganz unterschiedlichen Sphären, darunter im Bereich von Kultur, sozialer Unterstützung der Bevölkerung, Gesundheitsvorsorge, Bildung und Umweltschutz, arbeiten faktisch ungesetzlich. Außerdem verlieren ausländische Bürger, die kein ständiges Aufenthaltsrecht in Russland haben, das Recht, russische NGO zu gründen oder in ihnen aktiv zu sein. Das verletzt direkt die Verfassung der Russischen Föderation, die jedem (und nicht nur russischen Bürgern) das Recht auf Vereinigung garantiert.

Eine Reihe der vorgeschlagenen Änderungen widersprechen direkt den Normen des Völkerrechts und der Europäischen Konvention zum Schutz der Menschenrechte und Grundfreiheiten, die Russland ratifiziert hat. Dadurch wird das Ansehen Russlands als Garant des Völkerrechts untergraben. Als Ergebnis einer Annahme des Gesetzentwurfs wird Russland großer Schaden zugefügt, was sich besonders deutlich am Vorabend der Übernahme des Vorsitzes der in der G8 zusammengeschlossenen Industrieländer durch Russland zeigt.

Juristische Expertisen des Gesetzesentwurfs zeigen, dass eine Annahme in den kommenden Monaten schwerwiegende Folgen für das Funktionieren der Zivilgesellschaft haben wird. Die Satzungen aller nichtkommerziellen Organisationen in Russland müssen unter der Drohung ihrer Schließung binnen einen Jahres mit den neuen Forderungen in Übereinstimmung gebracht und von den Justizorganen genehmigt werden. Diese Prozedur steht mehreren Hunderttausend Organisationen bevor. Wenn man die im Gesetzentwurf enthaltenen verschwommenen, rechtlich kaum fassbaren und sehr breit angelegten Gründe für eine Ablehnung der Registrierung in Betracht zieht, dann wird diese Umregistrierung ohne Frage die Arbeit der meisten NGO lähmen. Das betrifft wohltätige Organisationen ebenso wie kulturelle, Behindertenverbände wie Jugendorganisationen, Menschenrechtler und Umweltschützer. Der Prozess der gleichzeitigen Registrierung hunderttausender russischer NGO und ebenso die bürokratische Kontrolle ihrer Arbeit wird zu erheblichen Mehrausgaben aus dem Staatsbudget führen, was die Autoren des Gesetzentwurfs bewusst verschweigen.

Mit den nichtkommerziellen Organisationen wurde über den Gesetzentwurf - im Widerspruch zu den wiederholten Erklärungen der russischen Staatsführung, dass der Dialog des Staates mit der Zivilgesellschaft notwendig sei - überhaupt nicht gesprochen. Die nichtöffentliche Vorbereitung des Gesetzentwurfs zeugt davon, dass sich seine Initiatoren im Klaren darüber sind, dass er gegen die Interessen der Zivilgesellschaft gerichtet ist und bei einer wirklichen und offenen Debatte nicht durchsetzbar wäre.

Wir sind davon überzeugt, dass die Zivilgesellschaft in Russland nicht "stabilisiert" werden muss, si muss sich entwickeln können. Totale Kontrolle hilft ihrer Entwicklung dagegen nicht. Weil der vorgeschlagene Gesetzentwurf diskriminierenden Charakter hat, weil er nicht verfassungskonform ist, weil die Gefahr bürokratischer Willkür bei seiner Anwendung besteht, weil die zu erwartende Kürzung der Programme der nichtkommerziellen Organisationen negative soziale und wirtschaftliche Folgen haben wird, weil er den Staat viel Geld kosten wird und weil es keine vernünftigen Argumente für seine Annahme gibt, appellieren wir an die Regierung und an das Parlament mit der Forderung, diesen Gesetzentwurf nicht zu unterstützen.
Wir erklären unser Nein zur Verschärfung der Kontrolle über die Zivilgesellschaft und unser Ja für ihre freie Entwicklung zum Wohl unseres Landes.
Unterschriften:

Initiatoren der Erklärung:
Ljudmila Alxejewa, Moskauer Helsinki Gruppe
Manana Aslamsjan, Agentur "Internews"
Alexander Ausan, Institut Nationales Projekt "Gesellschaftsvertrag"
Ljudmila Wachnina, Menschenrechtszentrum Memorial
Walntin Gefter, Institut für Menschenrechte
Lidija Grafowa, Forum der Umsiedlerorganisationen
Leonid Grigorijew, Assoziation unabhängiger Wirtschaftsanalysezentren
Galina Grischina, "Ost-West: Fraueninnovationsprojekte"
Alexander Daniel, Internationales Memorial
Jurij Dschibladse, Zentrum zur Entwicklung von Demokratie und Menschenrechten
Swjatoslaw Sabelin, Internationale Sozial-Ökologische Union
Olg Komarowskij, Institut Nationales Projekt "Gesellschaftsvertrag"
Ida Kuklina, Union der Komitees der Soldatenmütter Russlands
Tatjana Lokschina, Zentrum "Demos"
Arsenij Roginskij, Internationales Memorial
Jelena Rusakowa, Jugendzentrum für Menschenrechte und Rechtskultur
Natalja Samower, Historikerin
Natalja Taubina, Fonds "Gesellschaftliches Verdikt"
Michail Timentschik, Fond "Stützpunkte"
Jelena Topolewa, Agentur für Soziale Information
Grigorij Schwedow, Internationales Memorial

Bis 15.11.05 haben auf der Website "Menschenrechte in Russland" (
Übersetzung: Jens Siegert

Quelle:
http://www.memo.ru/daytoday/5nko1114.htm